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Lec-57: What is Routing Protocols | Various types of Routing Protocols
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One of the first tasks of the network layer is to direct traffic in a specific direction. This is done taking into account optimal use of resources and more precise shortest paths as determined by Internet routing protocols. Before diving into the topic of routing, we must first define and understand the different types of routing protocols that exist, namely unicast, multicast, and broadcast routing protocols. Let’s clear up these internet-related terms.
What we mean by Unicasting in internet ?
There is only one source and one destination in unicast communication. The relationship between source and target is one-to-one. In this type of communication, both the source and destination addresses in the IP datagram are unicast addresses assigned to the host (or, more specifically, the host interface). With unicast, a packet starts at source S1 and travels through a router to destination D1 (see figure below). Note: With unicast, the router only forwards received packets over one of its interfaces.
What we mean by multicasting in internet ?
In multicast communication there is only one source and one set of destinations. This relationship is one-to-many. In this type of communication, the source address is a unicast address, and the destination address is a group address that defines one or more destinations. The group address primarily entifies the members of the group. Multicast packets start from source S1 and reach all destinations belonging to group G1 (see figure below). Note: Using multicast, a router can forward received packets over multiple of its interfaces.
What is broadcasting in internet ?
In broadcast communication, the relationship between source and destination is one-to-many. There is only one source, but all other hosts are targets. The Internet does not explicitly support broadcasting because it can generate a lot of traffic and require bandwth. Now let’s focus on the main topic of this post, unicast protocols at the network layer. (Multicast and broadcast protocols are covered in subsequent articles).
Unicast Routing Protocols in internet
Today, the Internet can be so large that only one routing protocol cannot handle the task of updating the routing tables of all routers. To this end, the Internet is largely dived into autonomous systems. An Autonomous System (AS) is a group of networks and routers authorized by a single authority. Routing within an autonomous system is called intra-domain routing (or internal routing). Routing between autonomous systems is called inter-domain (or external) routing. Known internal protocols are RIP (Routing Information Protocol) and OSPF (Open Shortest Path First). And the popular external protocol is BGP (Border Gateway Protocol). RIP and OSPF are used to update routing tables within an AS (an autonomous system “AS” is a group of networks and routers under the authority of a single administrative authority. Routing within an autonomous system is called intra-domain routing. Routing between autonomous systems is called For interdomain routing) and BGP are used to update the routing tables of routers that connect multiple ASs together.
Routing Information Protocol
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is an implementation of a distance vector protocol. In distance vector routing, the route with the lowest cost between any two nodes is the route with the shortest distance. RIP is used to update routing tables. Routing updates are exchanged between neighboring routers every 30 seconds using RIP response messages. These messages are also known as RIP advertisements. These messages are sent by routers or hosts. They contain lists of multiple targets within an autonomous system (AS). RIP is an internal routing protocol used in autonomous systems (AS). Its operation is based on distance vector routing. Hint: We can think of nodes as cities in a region and lines as roads connecting them. A table can show visitors the minimum distances between cities.
Routing table in RIP
A typical routing table consists of the following fields: Destination. Count hops. next router. other information. Every router should have such a table. The Destination column consists of the destination network address. The hop column basically consists of the shortest distance to the destination, while the next router column consists of the address of the next router to which the packet should be forwarded.
How to Initialize the Routing Table
Every node knows how to reach every other node. When a new router is added to a network, it initializes its routing table. Such a table only contains information about directly connected networks and the corresponding hop count. next hop field, i. H. Identifies the nearest router is empty.
RIP Operation
The RIP job is a combination of routing databases that store information about the fastest route from computer to computer. An update process that allows each router to tell the other routers what route it thinks is the fastest, and an update algorithm that allows each router to update its database with the fastest route for communication with neighboring routers. Each router on the Internet maintains a database that stores the following information for each computer on the same RIP network: IP Address: The host’s Internet Protocol address. Gateway: The best gateway to send the message to the desired IP address. Distance: Indicates the number of routers between this router and routers that can send messages directly to this IP address. Route change flag : A flag indicating that the information has changed, which is used by other routers to update their own databases. Timer: It mainly represents various timers. RIP uses the UDP network protocol with high efficiency, and there is no problem in losing messages for any reason. That’s because the next update is coming. Each router periodically sends update messages containing complete information about its routing database to all other routers directly connected to it. Note: With distance vector routing, each node periodically shares its routing table with its immediate neighbors and shares it as it changes.
RIP Message Format
RIP messages can be roughly dived into two categories: messages that prove routing information and messages that request routing information. Command: Indicates whether the packet type is a request or a response. This request asks the router to send all or part of its routing table. The response can be any unsolicited periodic routing update or a response to a request. Version Number: This field indicates the RIP version used. This field can represent different potentially incompatible versions. Null : This field is not actually used by RFC 1058 RIP, it was only added for backward compatibility with older versions of RIP. Its default value is zero. Address Family Identifier (AFI): This field entifies the address family used. RIP is designed to carry routing information for several different protocols. Address: This field is used to specify the IP address of the entry. Metric: This field represents the number of hops (routers) traveled on the journey to the destination. The value is between 1 and 15 for val routes and between 16 for unreachable routes. Disadvantages of RIP RIP learns the shortest path to a destination based on a simple count of router hops. Distance is based on hop count, not actual cost (such as connection speed).
RIP Version 2
In November 1994, the RIP was modified with some additions (extensions) to eliminate some of its shortcomings. RIP version 1 is still used on many routers and continues to outperform OSPF networks. The modified RIP is called the RIP version 2 protocol. Version 2 is backward compatible with version 1 and includes all the features of the version 1 protocol. RIP version 2 implements the following features: Authentication using simple text passwords. Multicast is used to allow variable length subnet masks to be implemented. A subnet mask is used. The end of this article is finally here, stay tuned for the next article on the OSPF protocol. report this ad
What is the difference between RIP OSPF and BGP?
OSPF and RIP are Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP) and distribute routing information within an autonomous system, whereas BGP is a Exterior Gateway Protocol. The routes learned via the dynamic routing protocols are applied to the kernel routing table.
What are unicast routing protocols?
Unicast – Unicast means the transmission from a single sender to a single receiver. It is a point-to-point communication between sender and receiver. There are various unicast protocols such as TCP, HTTP, etc. TCP is the most commonly used unicast protocol.
Is BGP a network layer protocol?
BGP in networking is based on TCP/IP. It operates on the OSI Transport Layer (Layer 4) to control the Network Layer (Layer 3). As described in RFC4271 and ratified in 2006, the current version of BGP-4 supports both IPv6 and Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR), which enables the continued viability of IPv4.
What is OSPF and BGP?
Both OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) and BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) are routing protocols that make routing decisions across the Internet. They represent a set of rules or algorithms that instruct network routers on how to communicate with each other, so they can redirect traffic to the best path.
What is BGP protocol?
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) refers to a gateway protocol that enables the internet to exchange routing information between autonomous systems (AS). As networks interact with each other, they need a way to communicate. This is accomplished through peering. BGP makes peering possible.
What is BGP and RIP?
BGP stands for Border Gateway Protocol. RIP Stands for Routing Information Protocol. 2. It works on Best path algorithm.
What is OSPF in networking?
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a link-state routing protocol that was developed for IP networks and is based on the Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm. OSPF is an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP).
What is unicast routing and multicast routing?
Unicast routing protocols use graphs while Multicast routing protocols use trees, i.e. spanning tree to avoid loops. The optimal tree is called shortest path spanning tree. This mode uses source-based trees. It is used in dense environment such as LAN.
Why OSPF is called link-state routing protocol?
The OSPF protocol is a link-state routing protocol, which means that the routers exchange topology information with their nearest neighbors. The topology information is flooded throughout the AS, so that every router within the AS has a complete picture of the topology of the AS.
What layer is OSPF?
TCP/IP Model
OSPF and BGP belong to the Application Layer.
What is rip in networking?
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a distance-vector routing protocol. Routers running the distance-vector protocol send all or a portion of their routing tables in routing-update messages to their neighbors. You can use RIP to configure the hosts as part of a RIP network.
What OSI layer is RIP?
RIP works at layer 3 and sends routing information across the network.
What is OSPF and BGP and relate with an example?
OSPF is type of hierarchical network topology or design. OSPF prefers fastest path rather than shortest path. In Open Shortest Path First, internet protocol is used. Border Gateway Protocol (BGP): BGP is the type of mesh topology or design.
What is RIP OSPF EIGRP BGP?
RIP, EIGRP and OSPF are all interior gateway protocols (IGP) while BGP is an exterior gateway protocol (EGP). Basically, interior protocols are meant to dynamically route data across a network that you fully control and maintain.
Is BGP a routing protocol?
BGP is always used as the routing protocol of choice between different ISPs, which is known as external BGP. Large ISPs also use BGP as the core routing protocol within their own networks, which is called internal BGP.
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