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Lab Manual IPv6 Tunnel : Tìm hiểu và cấu hình Manual IPv6 Tunnel trên phần mềm GNS3 VM tích hợp IOU
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Hello everyone! ! Hope you enjoy this step-by-step tutorial series on the OSI model network layers. In the previous article, we took a detailed look at IPv4 and some of its limitations. Since there are some val limitations, there should be some kind of solution. The solution is an updated version of the IP, version 6.
What are the features of IPv6 ?
IPv6 is the next generation Internet protocol developed as the next step in IP version 4. IPv6 is designed for high performance and a larger address space. This is achieved by overcoming many of the weaknesses of the IPv4 protocol and adding some new features. In order to overcome the shortcomings of IPv4, IPv6 (Internetworking Protocol, 6th edition), also known as IPng (Internetworking Protocol, Next Generation), is proposed, which is currently a standard. With IPv6, the Internet Protocol has been extensively modified to accommodate the unforeseen growth of the Internet. Along with the format of the data packet, the format and length of the IP address also changed. Let’s take a look at some of its important features first: Improved header format: In its header format, options are separated from the base header. These options are inserted between the base header and top-level data as needed. The speed of the routing process is increased and the routing time is reduced. Larger address space: IPv6 has a 128-bit address, which is four times wer than IPv4’s 32-bit address space. So there is a big increase in the address space. Greater security: IPv6 includes security in the basic configuration. It includes encryption of data packets (ESP: Encapsulated Security Payload) and authentication of the sender of the data packets (AH: Authentication Header) to improve security. Possibility to extend: IPv6 is designed in such a way that the protocol can be extended when necessary. Resource allocation support: Better support for real-time traffic (eg video conferencing). IPv6 includes a flow label in the specification. Plug and Play: IPv6 includes Plug and Play in the standard specification. So it must be easier for novice users to connect their machines to the network, which will be done automatically. Clearer specifications and optimizations: IPv6 follows IPv4 best practices and omits IPv4 bugs/deprecations.
IPv6 Address Format
IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long. It consists of 16 bytes as follows: IPv6 uses a special notation called hexadecimal colon notation. A total of 128 bits are dived into 8 parts, each part is 16 bits or 2 bytes long. 16 bits or 2 bytes in binary format correspond to four hexadecimal digits of 4 bits each. So 128 bits in hexadecimal form is 8 x 4 = 32 hexadecimal digits. IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses. Only about 15% of the address space is allocated initially, and the remaining 85% is reserved for future use.
Types of Addresses in IPv6
IPv6 defines three different types of addresses: Unicast addresses: Unicast addresses are used to target a single computer. Packets sent to a unicast address are intended to be delivered to the computer specified by the address. Multicast Address: A multicast address defines a group of computers that may or may not have the same prefix and that may or may not be connected to the same physical network. Packets sent to a multicast address are intended to be delivered to every member of the group. There are no broadcast addresses in IPv6 because multicast addresses can perform the same function. The type of address is determined by the leading bits. Anycast Address: This is an address type that defines a group of computers with the same prefix address. A packet sent to an anycast address must be delivered exactly to one of the members of the nearest or most easily reachable group. The packet format of
IPv6 Packet Format
IPv6 is shown in the following figure. Each data packet can be dived into two parts, namely: Base Header and Payload. The base header is mandatory and the payload is optional. The payload follows the base header. The payload consists of two parts: optional extension headers and .upper data. . The base header is 40 bytes long, while the payload consisting of the extension header and upper layer data can contain up to 65,535 bytes of information.
Base header :
Version (VER): The content of this 4-bit field defines the version of the IP, eg B. IPv4 or IPv6. If VER = 6, the version is IPv6. Priority: The content of this 4-bit field defines the priority of the packet, which is important for traffic congestion. Stream Label: It is a 24-bit (3-byte) field designed to prove special handling for a specific data stream. Payload Length: The content of the 16-bit or 2-byte length field specifies the total length of the IP datagram without the base header. Next Header: It is an 8-bit field that defines the header after the base header in the datagram. Hop Limit: The content of this 8-bit (1-byte) field has the same function as TTL (Time To Live) in IPv4. Source Address: It is a 16-byte (128-bit) Internet address that corresponds to the originator or source that produced the datagram. Destination Address: This is a 16-byte (128-bit) Internet address that corresponds to the datagram’s final destination address.
NAT – Network Address Translation
Of practical importance is the issue of having fewer IP addresses than actually needed. The long-term solution to this problem is that the entire Internet should migrate from IPv4 to IPv6. This has already started, but will take a year to complete. (This means that all computers should have IPv6 addresses instead of IPv4 addresses). A quick solution to this problem is NAT, or Network Address Translation. It is described in RFC 3022. The basic ea of NAT is to assign each company an IP address, or at most a small number of IP addresses, to access the Internet. Inse the company, each computer has a unique IP address that is used to route the office’s internal traffic. However, IP address translation occurs when a packet leaves the company and enters the ISP.
How to convert IPv4 to IPv6 (Compatibility between the twp versions of IP)
The success of IPv4 requires an upgrade, which means that a large number of IPv4 users need to upgrade to IPv6. Keeping the transition in order has been a key goal of the entire IPng program. A transition date for enabling IPv6 and disabling IPv4 has yet to be determined. A simple upgrade strategy involves deploying an IPv6 stack alongse IPv4. In other words, hosts upgraded to IPv6 continue to coexist as IPv4 hosts. An experimental IPv6 backbone or 6bone was established to handle IPv6 internet traffic parallel to the regular internet. Such hosts still have 32-bit IPv4 addresses, but add a 28-bit IPv6 address. By 1999, hundreds of networks were connected to 6bone. The transition can be achieved in two ways: protocol tunneling or IPv4/IPv6 dual stack. Adoption of IPv6 has been slow. This is because the original motivation for its development was IPv4 address exhaustion, which has been addressed by short-term strategies such as less addressing and NAT. However, the raply expanding use of the Internet and new services such as mobile IP, IP telephony, and IP-enabled cellular telephony may eventually require the complete replacement of IPv4 with IPv6.
Mobile IP (Routing for Mobile Hosts)
Many people own laptops and want to use them anywhere. In the world, such a computer is called a mobile host. In order to route packets to a mobile host, the network must first find the mobile host. Let us now understand the routing process in cellular networks: when a packet is to be sent to a mobile user, it is first routed to the user’s home LAN. The packet was intercepted by the home agent. The home agent then searches the mobile subscriber’s current location and finds the address of the corresponding foreign agent. The home agent then encapsulates the packet in the payload field of the foreign packet and sends it to the foreign agent. This is called a tunnel. The packet is received by the foreign agent, which removes the original packet from the payload field and sends it to the mobile user as a data link frame. The home agent then instructs the sender to send the packet directly to the mobile user. The packet is then routed directly to the user through the foreign agent. The
Concept of Tunneling in IPv6
tunnel is a strategy used when two computers using IPv6 want to communicate with each other and the packets need to go through a zone using IPv4. In order to traverse this area, packets must have an IPv4 address. Therefore, IPv6 packets are encapsulated in IPv4 packets when entering the zone and leave their encapsulation when leaving the zone. When patches (islands) of an IPv6 network are separated by an IPv4 network, one approach is to build a tunnel over the IPv4 network connecting the two IPv6 networks. A tunnel is a path created between two nodes, so the tunnel appears to the user as a single connection. Basically, tunneling works by encapsulating each user packet in another packet that can be forwarded down the tunnel. Here, IPv6 packets are first forwarded from the source to the tunnel headend in the IPv6 network. At the tunnel headend, the packets are encapsulated in IPv4 packets. The IPv4 packet is then forwarded to the end of the tunnel in the IPv4 network. where the inverse process of decapsulation is performed. Finally, IPv6 packets are forwarded from the tunnel se to the destination. In the next article, we will learn more about the RARP (Reverse Address Resolution) protocol. So stay tuned. report this ad
What is IPv6 subnetting?
IN IPv6, the subnet ID defines an administrative subnet of the network and is up to 16 bits in length. You assign a subnet ID as part of IPv6 network configuration. The subnet prefix defines the site topology to a router by specifying the specific link to which the subnet has been assigned.
What is the need for IPv6 IP 6?
IPv6 increases the IP address size from 32 bits to 128 bits, thereby supporting more levels of addressing hierarchy, a much greater number of addressable nodes, and simpler autoconfiguration of addresses.
Does IPv6 Internet Protocol Version 6 solve?
IPv6 is designed to solve many of the problems of the current version of the Internet Protocol suite (known as IPv4) with regard to address depletion, security, auto-configuration, extensibility, and so on.
Does IPv6 use subnetting?
IPv6 doesn’t have a subnet mask but instead calls it a Prefix Length, often shortened to “Prefix”. Prefix length and CIDR masking work similarly; The prefix length denotes how many bits of the address define the network in which it exists.
How do I subnet IPv6 address?
The 16 digits of hexadecimal run from zero to nine, then use the letters A to F: {0123456789ABCDEF}. A full IPv6 subnet mask uses the same 8-hex-word format as an IPv6 address, although some tools allow you to specify only 1 hex word. In IPv6, the first 48 bits are for Internet routing.
What is the use of subnetting?
One goal of a subnet is to split a large network into a grouping of smaller, interconnected networks to help minimize traffic. This way, traffic doesn’t have to flow through unnecessary routs, increasing network speeds. Subnetting, the segmentation of a network address space, improves address allocation efficiency.
What is IPv6 used for?
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol (IP), the communications protocol that provides an identification and location system for computers on networks and routes traffic across the Internet.
Should I enable IPv6 on my router?
Likewise, disabling IPv6 can cause certain problems, especially if your router is already using an IPv6 address. However, you should keep IPv6 enabled even if you use an IPv4 network or install a VPN that supports IPv6, like NordVPN. Otherwise, some Windows features (like Quick Assist) might not work properly.
What is the difference between Internet protocol version 4 and 6?
IPv4 provides an addressing capability of approximately 4.3 billion addresses. The Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is more advanced and has better features compared to IPv4. It has the capability to provide an infinite number of addresses.
How do I enable IPv6?
- Go to “Settings” > “Connections” > “Mobile networks” > “Access Point Names.”
- Select your mobile network operator.
- Scroll down to “APN protocol.”
- To disable IPv6, select “IPv4” in the menu.
Which are features of Internet Protocol Version 6 IPv6 )? Select three responses?
- Supports source and destination addresses that are 128 bits (16 bytes) long.
- Uses a link-local scope all-nodes multicast address.
- Does not require manual configuration or DHCP.
- Uses host address (AAAA) resource records in DNS to map host names to IPv6 addresses.
How is subnetting in IPv6 different from subnetting in IPv4?
Unlike in IPv4, the IPv6 addressing architecture [RFC4291] specifies that all subnets using Globally Unique Addresses and ULAs always have the same prefix length of 64 bits. So ignoring the 000-prefix exception, the Interface ID is always 64-bits exactly.
How many devices can be on a subnet?
…
Subnet Masks.
| Example IP Address | 192.168.1.20 |
|---|---|
| Ending Address in Subnet | 192.168.255.255 |
| Example IP Address | 192.168.1.20 |
| Subnet Mask | 255.0.0.0 |
| Starting Address in Subnet | 192.0.0.0 |
How many servers are in a subnet?
| CIDR | Subnet mask | # of usable IP addresses |
|---|---|---|
| /27 | 255.255.255.224 | 30 |
| /26 | 255.255.255.192 | 62 |
| /25 | 255.255.255.128 | 126 |
| /24 | 255.255.255.0 | 254 |
See some more details on the topic IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) address,IPv6 tunnel And IPv6 subnetting here:
IPv6 – Wikipedia
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol (IP), … IPv6 addresses are represented as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits …
IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) – CCNA Blog
Ipv6 is one of the most emerging technologies in networks. IPv4 addresses are almost exhausted and as such there is need for a new and better solution.
IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) address,IPv6 tunnel And …
In this post i.e network layer IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) address, tunnel And subnetting,you can get complete detail about the IP …
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Addressing Architecture
This Internet Draft expires March 12, 2003. Abstract This specification defines the addressing architecture of the IP Version 6 protocol [IPV6].
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