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IEEE 802 standards | computer networks
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We’ve seen Ethernet in a DLL. Legacy Ethernet is the oldest version of Ethernet and was created and developed to support data rates up to 10 Mbps. In 1985, the IEEE’s Computer Society initiated a project called Project 802 to establish a standard for communicating between devices from different manufacturers. The relationship between the 802 standard and the traditional OSI model is shown in the following figure: IEEE dives the data link layer into two sublayers, namely Logical Link Control (LLC) and Media Access Control (MAC). In IEEE Project 802, flow control, error control, and some framing tasks are combined in a sublayer called logical link control. Framing is usually handled in the LLC sublayer and the MAC sublayer.
Frames in IEEE format (traditional IEEE 802.3)
Now let’s understand the frame format in Ethernet: Preamble: The first field of an 802.3 frame contains 7 bytes (56 bits), alternating 0s and 1s, it alerts the receiving system to an upcoming frame and allows synchronization its input timing. Start Frame Delimiter (SFD): It is the second field (1 byte: 10101011) and indicates the start of the frame. SFD warns the site that this is the last chance to synchronize. This is a simple alternating sequence of 0s and 1s. Destination Address (DA): The DA field is 6 bytes in size and contains the physical address of the destination station that received the packet. Source Address (SA): The SA field consists of 6 bytes and contains the physical address of the sender of the packet. Length or Type: This field can be defined as a type field or a length field. The original Ethernet used this field as the type field to define upper layer protocols using MAC frames. Data: This field mainly contains the data encapsulated by the upper layer protocol. CRC: The last field generally contains error detection information.
Frame Length in IEEE format
Ethernet has a limit on the minimum and maximum frame length. The minimum frame length is 512 bits or 64 bytes, and the maximum frame length is 12,144 bits or 1518 bytes. The standard defines the maximum length of a frame (without preamble and SFD fields) as 1518 bytes. Subtracting 18 bytes from the header and trailer, the maximum length of the payload is 1500 bytes.
Addressing in IEEE Format
Each workstation (such as a PC, workstation, or printer) on an Ethernet network has its own network interface card (NIC). The NIC fits into the workstation and proves the workstation with a 6-byte physical address. The destination address can be one of the following three types: Unicast destination address: Uni means one. So this type of address defines only one destination, and the relationship between sender and receiver is one-to-one. Frames sent by the sender are only available to specific recipients. Multicast Destination Address: More means a lot, so this address type defines a set of destination addresses to which the same message should be delivered. This means that there are too many sender-receiver relationships. Broadcast address: The broadcast process is the process in which the sender is broadcasting and everyone else is receiving or listening. This type of destination address is a special case of a multicast address, where all stations are the destination.
Token Bus ( IEEE 802.4 )
The IEEE 802.4 standard for media access control (MAC) is called the token bus. Logically, the interconnected stations form a ring. Each station knows its own entification number and the entity of the preceding and following stations. The serial number and physical location of the stations on the bus are irrelevant. At any given time, only the station holding the token can transmit its data frame on the bus. Each frame contains source and destination addresses. Once a station’s talk time expires, it passes the token to the next station in logical order. The station can now send its data. Likewise, the token circulates to all stations on the entire ring. The frame format according to IEEE 802.4 is shown in Figure 1:.
Token Ring System (IEEE 802.5)
A token ring system is shown in the figure. It consists of multiple stations connected to the ring via Ring Interface Units (RIU). The RIU is basically a repeater, so it regenerates the data frames it receives and sends them to the next station with some delay. Tokens are passed around the ring from one site to another. The order in which tokens are passed depends on the physical location of the stations connected to the ring. Unlike the token bus system, it does not depend on logical numbers. IEEE 802.5 has standardized the format of token frames and data frames. They are pictured above. In the next article, we will see the next related topic, which is FDDI. Stay tuned..report this ad
What are IEEE standards in networking?
IEEE 802 wireless standards. IEEE 802 is a collection of networking standards that cover the physical and data-link layer specifications for technologies such as Ethernet and wireless. These specifications apply to local area networks (LAN) and metropolitan area networks (MAN).
What are the main IEEE standards?
The most widely used standards are for Ethernet, Bridging and Virtual Bridged LANs, Wireless LAN, Wireless PAN, Wireless MAN, Wireless Coexistence, Media Independent Handover Services, and Wireless RAN. An individual Working Group provides the focus for each area.
What are IEEE standards used for?
IEEE 802.3 is a set of standards and protocols that define Ethernet-based networks. Ethernet technologies are primarily used in LANs, though they can also be used in MANs and even WANs.
How many IEEE standards are there?
Often the central source for standardization in a broad range of emerging technologies, the IEEE Standards Association has an active portfolio of nearly 1,076 standards and more than 984 projects under development.
What is IEEE full form?
Meaning of I-E-E-E
IEEE, pronounced “Eye-triple-E,” stands for the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. The organization is chartered under this name and it is the full legal name.
What are IEEE standards to develop a software?
The IEEE standards development process is rooted in consensus, due process, openness, right to appeal and balance. It adheres to and supports the principles and requirements of the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations.
Where are IEEE standards used?
IEEE standards are integral to modern infrastructure. Communications networks are one example: It is estimated that 98% of all internet traffic crosses an IEEE 802 standard-based network, some of the most well-known examples being IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet™) and IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi™) networks.
Which IEEE standard is used in mobile system?
| Standard | Description |
|---|---|
| 802.16e | Mobile Broadband Wireless Access System |
| 802.16k | IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Media Access Control (MAC) Bridges Amendment 2: Bridging of IEEE 802.16 (An amendment to IEEE 802.1D) Released on 2007-August-14. |
| 802.16g | Management Plane Procedures and Services |
Why are standards needed in data communication?
The primary reason for standards is to ensure that hardware and software produced by different vendors can work together. Without networking standards, it would be difficult—if not impossible—to develop networks that easily share information.
See some more details on the topic The IEEE format (IEEE Standards) In Data Transmission here:
What are the IEEE 802 Standards? – TechTarget
IEEE 802 is a collection of networking standards that cover the physical and data-link layer specifications for technologies such as Ethernet and wireless.
Standards – IEEE Future Networks
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