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Network Layer, Part 3: ARP, RARP, BOOTP, DHCP, ICMP, IGMP
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In the previous article, we saw a complete overview of the IPv6 protocol and its features. In this post, we mainly look at the protocols that allow hosts to map physical addresses to logical (IP) addresses. There may be situations where an organization does not have enough IP addresses to assign to each workstation, and they must assign IP addresses as needed. A workstation can send its physical address and apply for a short-term lease. A workstation can find its physical address by checking its interface, but it doesn’t know its IP address. (In this article, we mainly discuss RARP, DHCP, and BOOTP protocols.).
What is Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) ?
We have already learned about the ARP protocol in the previous article. Now, Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) finds logical addresses for machines that only know their physical addresses. ARP is used to solve the problem of finding out which ethernet address corresponds to a given IP address. This means that ARP is used to map IP addresses to physical addresses or MAC addresses. But sometimes we have to deal with the opposite case, which is H. We need to get the IP address corresponding to the specified Ethernet address (MAC). Such problems can occur when booting a workstation without a disk. Each host or router is assigned one or more logical (IP) addresses that are unique and independent of the machine’s physical (hardware) address. To create an IP datagram, a host (or router) needs to know its own IP address. A machine’s IP address is usually taken from its configuration file, which is stored in a disk file. However, diskless computers typically boot from ROM, which contains very little boot information. The problem of obtaining an IP address when specifying an Ethernet address can be solved by using RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol). Allows newly booted workstations to broadcast their ethernet addresses. Upon receiving this request, the RARP server checks its file for the Ethernet addresses and finds the corresponding IP addresses. This IP address is then sent back. A machine can obtain its locally unique physical address (eg by reading its NIC). It can then use the physical address to obtain the logical address through the RARP protocol. The RARP client program must be running on the requesting computer, and the RARP server program must be running on the responding computer. RARP has a serious problem, the transmission happens at the data link layer. As with Ethernet, physical broadcast addresses do not extend beyond network boundaries. Therefore, RARP is almost obsolete. Two protocols, BOOTP and DHCP, replaced RARP.
What is the BOOTP protocol ?
The Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) is basically a client/server protocol designed to prove mapping of physical addresses to logical addresses. BOOTP is an application layer protocol. Administrators can place clients and servers on the same network or on different networks. The disadvantage of RARP is that it uses any kind of destination address (restricted broadcast) to reach the RARP server. To solve this problem, another bootstrap protocol called BOOTP was invented. Unlike RARP, it uses UDP messages that are forwarded through routers. It also proves additional information for diskless workstations, including the IP address of the file server that holds the memory dump, the IP address of the default router, and the subnet mask to use. The advantage of BOOTP over RARP is that both client and server are application layer processes. As with other application layer processes, the client can be on one network and the server on another, separated by several other networks. But there is a problem to be solved. The BOOTP request is sent because the client does not know the IP address of the server. Also, broadcast IP datagrams cannot pass through routers. To solve this problem, an intermediary is required. One of the hosts (or a router that can be configured to operate at the application level) can be used as a relay. In this case, the host is called a relay agent. The relay agent knows exactly the unicast address of the BOOTP server. When it receives a packet of this type, it encapsulates the message in a unicast datagram and sends the request to the BOOTP server. Packets with a unicast destination address are routed by any router and reach the BOOTP server. The BOOTP server knows about the message from the forward proxy because one of the fields in the request message defines the IP address of the forward proxy. Finally, after the relay agent receives the response, it sends it to the BOOTP client.
What is DHCP protocol ?
BOOTP is not a dynamic configuration protocol. When a client requests its IP address, the BOOTP server checks a table that matches the client’s physical address with its IP address. This binding between the client’s physical address and IP address is predetermined. Now conser a scenario when a host moves from one physical network to another. Or what if the host wants a temporary IP address? BOOTP cannot handle these cases because the binding between physical address and IP address is static and fixed in a table until changed by the administrator. BOOTP is a static configuration protocol. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is designed to prove static and dynamic address assignment, which can be done manually or automatically. DHCP automatically configures hosts connected to a TCP/IP network. It proves a mechanism for assigning ephemeral IP addresses to hosts. A DHCP server maintains a database that statically binds physical addresses to IP addresses. DHCP usually has a second database with a pool of available IP addresses. The second database makes DHCP dynamic. When a DHCP client requests a temporary IP address, the DHCP server goes into a pool of available (or unused) IP addresses and assigns an IP address within a negotiable time period. When a DHCP client sends a request to a DHCP server, the server first checks its static database. If an entry with the requested physical address already exists in the static database, the client’s permanent IP address is returned. On the other hand, if the entry does not exist in the static database, the server selects an IP address from the available pool, assigns that address to the client, and adds the entry to the dynamic database. In the next article, we will learn about other important network layer protocols. stay tuned. report this ad
What protocol is used in mapping logical to physical address?
The Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) is a client/server protocol designed to provide physical address to logical address mapping. BOOTP is an application layer protocol. The administrator may put the client and the server on the same network or on different networks.
How do you map logical address to physical address ARP?
- The sender knows the IP address of the target.
- IP asks ARP to create an ARP request message, filling in the sender physical address, the sender IP address, and the target IP address.
What is the difference between RARP BOOTP and DHCP?
BOOTP (Bootstrap Protocol) is the successor of RARP (Reverse ARP) and the predecessor of DHCP. RARP is a link layer protocol and the problem of RARP is that you can’t route these packets. You need a RARP server on every subnet. BOOTP uses the UDP transport protocol and rides on top of IP so it can be routed.
What is address mapping in networking?
Address mapping is a process of determining a logical address knowing the physical address of the device and determining the physical address by knowing the logical address of the device. Address mapping is required when a packet is routed from source host to destination host in the same or different network.
How logical address is mapped to physical address explain with diagram?
…
Comparison Chart:
| Paramenter | LOGICAL ADDRESS | PHYSICAL ADDRESS |
|---|---|---|
| Generation | generated by the CPU | Computed by MMU |
How do you find the physical address of a logical address?
To translate a logical address to the corresponding physical address, we divide the logical address into page number and offer, we use the page number as index to the page table and the entry gives the corresponding frame number.
What is ARP mapping?
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a procedure for mapping a dynamic IP address to a permanent physical machine address in a local area network (LAN). The physical machine address is also known as a media access control (MAC) address.
What is BOOTP and DHCP?
BOOTP, Bootstrap protocol, is used to configure host and get address of host along with bootstrap info. DHCP, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Server is an extended version of BOOTP and is used to configure hosts mechanically.
Does DHCP use RARP?
DHCP allows both manual IP address and automatic assignment and has replaced both RARP and BOOTP. The DHCP server need not be on the same LAN as the requesting client host.
What is the use of BOOTP?
BOOTP is a TCP/IP protocol. It allows a client to find its IP address and the name of a load file from a server on the network. A client uses BOOTP to find this information without intervention from the user of the client.
What is ARP and RARP?
The term ARP is an abbreviation for Address resolution protocol. The term RARP is an abbreviation for Reverse Address Resolution Protocol. The ARP retrieves the receiver’s physical address in a network. The RARP retrieves a computer’s logical address from its available server.
What does DHCP stand for?
A DHCP Server is a network server that automatically provides and assigns IP addresses, default gateways and other network parameters to client devices. It relies on the standard protocol known as Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol or DHCP to respond to broadcast queries by clients.
What is the function of mapping of address?
address mapping Use of one of the addressing schemes to convert an address that is specified in an instruction into an absolute address. Virtual memory and cache memory use forms of address mapping for additional memory-management functions.
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