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Introduction to TCP/IP and Sockets, part 1: Introducing the protocols and API
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Hello everyone! ! Continuing this series, we now understand the next big topic related to the powerful (:-p) transport layer. Many web applications consist of two programs, a client program and a server program (as seen in previous articles). When these programs run, a client and server process are created that communicate with each other by reading and writing to sockets. Sockets are the interface between the transport layer and the application layer within the host. It is also known as API (Application Programming Interface). When creating a web application, developers must write code for both client and server programs. In a proprietary application of an application-layer protocol used by client and server programs, a single developer or team of development writes the client and server programs. Because the code doesn’t implement any public domain protocol. Other independent developers cannot develop code that interoperates with the application. When developing a proprietary application, the developer must first dece whether the application will run over TCP or over UDP.
Sockets Programming with TCP
Sockets are a programming interface for building network applications. Processes send and receive messages to and from the network through socket interface software. Processes running on different machines communicate with each other by sending messages in sockets. As shown, Socket acts as a door between the application process and TCP. The application developer controls everything on the application layer se of the socket, but not the transport layer se of the socket. The client and server interaction happens as follows: the client must initiate a connection with the server, and when this connection begins, the server should be ready. This means that when a client initiates a contact, the server must be a running process (not sleeping), and the server process must have a socket to greet the first contact from the client. With the server process running, the client process can now initiate a TCP connection to the server. This is done in the client program by creating a socket. When a client socket is created, the client specifies the address of the server process; h. The IP address of the server process is the IP address of the server host and the port number of the server process. Then the client’s TCP initiates a three-way handshake to establish a connection with the server. During the three-way handshake, the client process taps the server process’s welcome socket. The server process responds to this knock by creating a new socket named Connection Socket dedicated to that particular client. In the final phase of the three-way handshake, a TCP connection is established between the client socket and the connecting socket. A TCP connection conforms to a direct virtual pipe between a client socket and a server connection socket to allow reliable byte stream service between client and server processes.
Socket Programming in UDP
As described in the previous section, communication between two processes over a TCP connection is equivalent to communication between two processes over a virtual pipe. The pipe exists until one of the processes terminates the TCP connection. Like TCP, UDP allows communication between two or more processes running on different hosts. But there is one big difference. The first difference is that UDP proves a connectionless service, so there is no need for the handshake process of establishing a virtual pipe like TCP. Because there are no virtual pipes, when one process wants to send a batch of bytes to another process, the sending process must append the address of the target process. The target address is a tuple consisting of the IP address of the target host and the port number of the target process. The IP address and port number together are called a “packet”. UDP proves an unreliable message-oriented service, with no guarantee that bytes sent by the sending process will reach the destination process. After the “packet” is created, the sending process pushes the packet onto the network via the socket. Then drive that packet to the target process. The code for UDP socket programming differs from the code for TCP programming in the following ways: There is no need for a welcome socket because no handshake is required. There is no stream connected to the socket. . The sending host must create the packet. The receiving process must obtain information from each received packet. . The
Functionalities involved in Network Socket Programming
socket mechanism allows programmers to write code for applications without worrying about the underlying networking details. There are two service modes available through the socket interface, ie. H. Connectionless and connection-oriented services. Creating a socket: Before an application can transmit data, it must first create a communication endpoint by calling “socket”. Assigning an address to a socket: After a socket is created, an address can be assigned to the socket using the bind system call. Establishing and accepting connections: The client establishes a connection on the socket by calling connect. A connection-oriented server indicates that it is ready to accept connection requests by calling “listen”. After the server calls Listen, it can accept the connection request by calling Accept. Sending and receiving data: Clients and servers can transfer data by “writing” (in the case of connection-oriented services) or “sending to” (in the case of connectionless services). Close the connection: “Close” is used to end the connection. The server spends most of its time passively waiting for the client to request service. In short, we can summarize: The ‘socket’ call creates a TCP/UDP socket. The “bind” call binds a known server port number to the socket. The “listen” call makes the socket a listening socket. The “accept” call puts the server process to sleep until a client connection request arrives. The client performs an active open. The client socket call creates a socket ‘Connect’ call on the client to establish a TCP connection to the server. When the TCP connection is established, the “accept” call wakes up on the server and returns the IP address and port address of the specified connection. Finally, the client and server are ready to pass data between them. . Finally, we have reached the end of this informative post. I hope you really like it. Stay tuned for more exciting content in this series. report this ad
What is socket API in network programming?
The socket API is a collection of socket calls that enable you to perform the following primary communication functions between application programs: Set up and establish connections to other users on the network. Send and receive data to and from other users. Close down connections.
Is network programming and socket programming same?
Yeah, it’s true that network programming requires networking technology while on the other hand socket programming is a subset of network programming. Most current network programming is done either using sockets directly, or using various other layers on top of sockets.
Is socket part of transport layer?
The core communication mechanism used when establishing and managing communication between two devices at the transport layer is called a socket. Basically, any device that wants to establish a transport layer connection to another device must do so via a socket.
Is socket same as API?
…
Difference between Rest API and Web Socket API :
| S.NO. | REST API | WEB SOCKET API |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | It is Stateless protocol. It will not store the data. | It is Stateful protocol. It will store the data. |
What are the two types of sockets?
Sockets come in two basic types—connection-oriented and connectionless. These terms refer to types of protocols.
Why do we use socket programming?
Sockets allow you to exchange information between processes on the same machine or across a network, distribute work to the most efficient machine, and they easily allow access to centralized data. Socket application program interfaces (APIs) are the network standard for TCP/IP.
What is network programing?
Network programming refers to writing programs that execute across multiple devices (computers), in which the devices are all connected to each other using a network.
What programming language is used in network programming?
Python has largely replaced Perl as the language of choice for new network professionals. Python can do anything Perl can, but is also much easier to read. Perl generally has many different ways to perform a single action. Python generally has a single correct way of performing a single action.
What is network programming with example?
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Popular protocols and APIs.
| OSI/ISO Layer | Protocol | API |
|---|---|---|
| L3 (network) | IP | Raw socket |
| L4 (transport) | TCP, UDP, SCTP | Berkeley Sockets |
| L5 (session) | TLS | OpenSSL |
What is API session layer?
Application Program Interfaces (APIs)
The primary job of session layer protocols is to provide the means necessary to set up, manage, and end sessions. In fact, in some ways, session layer software products are more sets of tools than specific protocols.
Which network layer is socket on?
The socket is primarily a concept used in the transport layer of the Internet protocol suite or session layer of the OSI model.
What is the process of creating a network socket?
Socket are generally employed in client server applications. The server creates a socket, attaches it to a network port addresses then waits for the client to contact it. The client creates a socket and then attempts to connect to the server socket. When the connection is established, transfer of data takes place.
What is socket programming in C?
Socket programming is a way of connecting two nodes on a network to communicate with each other. One socket(node) listens on a particular port at an IP, while the other socket reaches out to the other to form a connection. The server forms the listener socket while the client reaches out to the server.
Is a WebSocket and API?
The WebSocket API is an advanced technology that makes it possible to open a two-way interactive communication session between the user’s browser and a server. With this API, you can send messages to a server and receive event-driven responses without having to poll the server for a reply.
What is difference between socket and WebSocket?
WebSockets typically run from browsers connecting to Application Server over a protocol similar to HTTP that runs over TCP/IP. So they are primarily for Web Applications that require a permanent connection to its server. On the other hand, plain sockets are more powerful and generic.
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