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Architectural model | Peer to Peer | distributed systems | Lec-9 | Bhanu Priya
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Hello everyone ! ! You may be wondering why we are repeating this topic again. In previous articles, we’ve covered a lot of interesting stuff related to the transport layer of the TCP/IP model. Now, in my opinion, we should revisit the most important topic at the application layer (ie file sharing). I just noticed that we’ve discussed this topic before, but not in a detailed way (ie by relating it to real world applications). So stick with it and enjoy this post on peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing protocols. Two network application architectures are client-server architecture and peer-to-peer (p2p) architecture. The application architecture is designed by the application developer and determines the structure of the application in various end systems. In a client-server architecture, there is always one host called a server (data center) serving requests from many other hosts called clients. In this architecture, there is no direct communication between clients. For example Google, Amazon, Ebay, Yahoo Mail, Facebook, Youtube, etc.
Peer To Peer (P2P) File Sharing Architecture
In a peer-to-peer file sharing architecture, an always-on infrastructure server has minimal (or no) dependencies (reliability). Instead, the application uses direct communication between pairs of intermittently connected hosts called peers. Peers are not owned by service provers, but are desktops and laptops controlled by users, most of which are located in homes, universities, and offices. Since the peers do not need to communicate through a dedicated server, this architecture is called a P2P file sharing architecture. Some famous examples are Skype, Bit Torrent, Limewire, etc. One of the most attractive properties of this peer-to-peer architecture is its self-scalability. For example, in a P2P file sharing application, each peer creates a workload by requesting files, but each peer also increases the serving capacity of the system by distributing files to other peers. P2P architecture is also the most efficient as it usually does not require a lot of server infrastructure and server bandwth. P2P file sharing allows users to access media files, such as books, songs, movies, and games, using a P2P software program that searches other connected computers on a P2P network for the online content they want. Peer-to-peer file sharing became popular in 1999 with the launch of the file-sharing app Nepster. One limitation is that only music files can be shared. After Napster shut down, Gnutella and Kazaa became the most popular P2P file-sharing services. These services allow users to download music, movies and games. Currently the most popular P2P file sharing protocol is Bit Torrent. Now let’s take a look at how two of the most popular P2P file sharing applications work today.
How does Bit Torrent (p2p file sharing service ) works ?
Few people don’t know what a bittorrent application is. So, this is one of the most popular peer-to-peer file sharing apps we have. In a bittorrent application, the set of all peers (nodes) that participate in distributing a particular file is called a torrent. Peers in a torrent download files of the same size from each other. A typical block size is 256 kb, with no blocks when a peer first joins a torrent. When it downloads blocks, it also uploads blocks to other peers. When a node completely downloads a file, it becomes an extra Seed . Each torrent has an infrastructure node called a tracker. When a node joins a torrent, they register with the tracker, ie. H. Trackers simply track peers participating in torrents. When a new peer “X” joins the torrent, the tracker randomly selects a subset of peers from the set of participating peers and sends the IP addresses of those peers to “X”. While processing this peer list, ‘X’ attempted to establish a TCP connection with the peer. Once the TCP connection is established, the peer of “X” becomes the neighbor peer. Furthermore, “X” uses a technique rarely mentioned first to select blocks from neighboring peers. “X” prioritizes neighbors currently serving data at the highest rate. In order to send or receive files, users must have a Bit Torrent client installed on their host (computer). Computer programs that implement the bitstream protocol include µTorrent, Bitcomet, etc. The most famous bitstream tracker is The Pirate Bay. Chunks (portions) of content are usually downloaded out of order and are rearranged in the correct order by the Bittorrent client. During a download, the fragments are the same size. Due to the nature of this method, the download of any file can be paused at any time and resumed at a later time without losing information about previous downloads. This in turn makes Bit Torrent useful for transferring larger files. Bit Torrent does not prove anonymity to its users. The IP addresses of all current and possibly previous participants can be obtained from the tracker. It can put the user at risk of being sued (copyright infringement and many other cases) if the user distributes the file without the permission of the copyright owner. The search engine allows the discovery of torrent files hosted and tracked on other sites such as B. Torrentz, The Pirate Bay, etc. Bit Torrent and Malware Several studies on Bit Torrent have shown that the majority of files that can be downloaded via Bit Torrent contain malware (viruses, worms, Trojan horses, etc.).
Skype – A popular peer to peer application
Skype is a very popular P2P application. It is a telecommunications software that specializes in proving video chat and voice calls from computers, tablets and mobile devices to other devices on the internet or mobile phones/smartphones. Users can also send instant messages, share files and pictures, send video messages, and create conference calls. It was first released in August 2003, and eBay acquired Skype in September 2005. Skype was acquired by Microsoft Corporation in May 2011. accepted. Skype allows users to communicate over the Internet through voice calls using a microphone, video using a webcam, and instant messaging. Skype to Skype calls are completely free. While calls to landlines and mobiles are billed through a debit card-based user account system called Skype Credit. Skype originally had a mixed peer-to-peer and client-server system, but since May 2012, Skype has been run entirely by Microsoft-operated supernodes (supernodes). Skype includes an index that maps Skype usernames to current IP addresses. This index is assigned to supernodes. Let’s understand how it works: When user “A” wants to call user “B”, A’s Skype client searches the distributed index (client-server) to find B’s current IP address. Then use the TCP connection between A and B to communicate. The Online Numbering Service (SkypeIn) allows Skype users to receive calls on their computers from traditional phone users to local Skype phone numbers. Local numbers are available in Australia, Brazil, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Japan, Nepal, South Africa, South Korea, United Kingdom and United States (SkypeIn countries). Skype is now the largest international language prover (40% by airtime). Skype runs on a range of platforms including Microsoft Windows, OS, Linux, Andro, Blackberry IO, IOS and Windows Phone. Skype offers a Skype WiFi Phone, a wireless phone that allows users to make Skype calls. It can also be used to chat with non-Skype users. Skype WiFi does not include a web browser, so there is no way to access hotspots that require a web-based login. Protocols used in Skype Skype uses a proprietary Internet Telephony Protocol (VOIP) called the Skype Protocol. The main difference between Skype and a standard VOIP client is that Skype works in peer-to-peer mode, not in standard VOIP client-server mode. Skype only supports IPv4 protocol (not IPv6). Packet transmissions (voice and control packets) from Skype are encrypted. No Skype calls within India As of November 10, 2014, Skype calls cannot be made from Skype to mobile or landlines within India. Users in India can continue to make free Skype-to-Skype calls worldwe. All users abroad can make calls to mobile and landlines in India. Stay tuned for more interesting content in this series. report this ad
What is P2P architecture?
Peer-to-peer architecture (P2P architecture) is a commonly used computer networking architecture in which each workstation, or node, has the same capabilities and responsibilities. It is often compared and contrasted to the classic client/server architecture, in which some computers are dedicated to serving others.
What is a protocol for peer to peer file sharing?
Freenet, Gnutella, and Napster are the three most popular P2P file sharing applications. They use three distinct protocols and these protocols come with different characteristics. Freenet and Gnutella use the pure P2P architecture while Napster has a central server to handle peer discovery and content lookup.
What peers can be in P2P architecture?
A peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture consists of a decentralized network of peers – nodes that are both clients and servers. P2P networks distribute the workload between peers, and all peers contribute and consume resources within the network without the need for a centralized server.
What is P2P and client-server architecture?
In the networking architectural world, you’ll frequently come across the terms “peer-to-peer” and “client-server.” Both peer-to-peer and client-server networks connect computers so that they can share resources from one computer to others such as files, videos, and pictures.
How is P2P architecture different from client-server architecture?
The main difference between peer to peer and client server network is that in peer to peer network, each node can request for services and provide services while in client server network, the client nodes requests for services and server node responds with services.
What is peer-to-peer architecture advantages?
| Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|
| Does not need an expensive server because individual workstations are used to access the files | Files and folders cannot be centrally backed up |
What type of application architecture is P2P?
Peer-to-peer (P2P) computing or networking is a distributed application architecture that partitions tasks or workloads between peers. Peers are equally privileged, equipotent participants in the application. They are said to form a peer-to-peer network of nodes.
See some more details on the topic Peer to Peer (P2P) File Sharing Protocol And Architecture here:
Peer to Peer (P2P) File Sharing Protocol And Architecture
In this post i.e Peer to Peer (P2P) File Sharing Protocol And Architecture , you get detailed overview of the file sharing applications i.e …
P2P(Peer To Peer) File Sharing – GeeksforGeeks
A peer-to-peer network allows computer hardware and software to communicate without the need for a server. Unlike client-server architecture …
Peer-to-peer – Wikipedia
Peer-to-peer (P2P) computing or networking is a distributed application architecture that partitions tasks or workloads between peers.
Peer-to-Peer File Sharing – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
The emergence of of peer-to-peer file sharing systems inspired the data management research community to conser P2P architectures for data sharing.
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