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Understanding Physical Layer Communications (Coaxial, Twisted pair, and Optical Fiber cables)
Images related to the topicUnderstanding Physical Layer Communications (Coaxial, Twisted pair, and Optical Fiber cables)
The physical layer is the lowest layer in the OSI reference model. Data transfer in this layer has the highest priority (conversion of analog signals to digital bits first). We have seen that there are two types of transmission media. In this article, we will look at one of them, coaxial cable in the category of wired transmission media. Signals propagating along any wired medium are gued and limited by the physical boundaries of the medium. Twisted pair and coaxial cables basically use metal (copper) conductors to transmit and transmit signals in the form of electrical current.
What is Coaxial Cable in the Physical Layer ?
The structure of the coaxial cable is shown in the figure below. It consists of two concentric conductors, an inner conductor and a braed outer conductor, separated by a dielectric material. The outer conductor is designed as a metal mesh for shielding. A coaxial cable can contain one or more coaxial pairs. In a coaxial cable, the sol inner conductor is coaxial with the cylindrical outer conductor. The conductors are separated by a sol dielectric material and the outer conductor is wrapped in a plastic jacket. Typically, the shield is held (held) at ground potential, and then a voltage is applied to the center conductor to transmit the electrical signal. Metal shielding prevents interference from external sources and leakage from the central core. The central core can be copper plated steel, silver plated copper wire. Dielectric insulators can be sol plastic (PE, polyethylene), foamed plastic (PF), sol Teflon. Metal shielding can be braed copper wire, foil shielding and braed wire (double shield), foil bra (quad shield), or sol metal tube. The structure of a coaxial cable with other accessories such as connectors, jackets, etc. is shown in the following figure: Braed wire (braed conductor) protects the inner conductor from electromagnetic interference (EMI). It is often called a shield. As shown above, a strong plastic jacket covers the cable, proving insulation and protection. Coaxial cable was originally developed for analog telephone networks. A single coaxial cable will be used to transmit more than 10,000 channels of voice simultaneously. The digital transmission system over coaxial cable was developed in the 1970s. These systems operate in the range of 8.5 Mb/s to 565 Mb/s. The most popular application of coaxial cable is in cable television systems. Existing coaxial cable systems have a frequency range of 54 MHz to 500 MHz. Another important application is cable modems using Cable Modem Termination Systems (CMTS). Another application is an Ethernet LAN using coaxial cable. Coaxial cable is usually used because of its we bandwth and very high noise immunity.
Features of Coaxial Cable
1. Two types of 75Ω and 50Ω impedance cables are available. (50Ω cable for digital transmission, 75Ω cable for analog transmission) 2. This cable generally has excellent noise immunity due to the shielding proved. 3. Coaxial cable (or coaxial cable) transmits signals in a higher frequency range than twisted pair cable, in part because the two mediums are constructed very differently. 4. We bandwth and low loss. 5. This cable is suitable for point-to-point and multi-point applications. This is the most wely used medium in local area networks. 6. Although the bandwth of coaxial cable is much higher, the signal attenuates quickly and requires frequent use of repeaters. 7. The data rate is 10 Mbit/s, which can be further increased by increasing the inner conductor diameter. 8. The maximum number of nodes specified can be up to 100. 9. Lower attenuation than twisted pair cable. 10. Coaxial cables are generally cheaper (compared to fiber optic cables).
Coaxial Cable Standards used in practical life
Coaxial cables are ified by their RG rating, where RG stands for Radio Government. Each RG number represents a unique set of physical specifications, including inner conductor wire gauge, inner insulator thickness and type, shield construction, and enclosure size and type.
Advantages and applications of the Coaxial Cables
Coaxial cables generally have excellent noise immunity due to their shielding. They can be used for high data rates and prove less attenuation. Also, it has a wer bandwth than twisted pair cable. A common application for coaxial cables is in traditional Ethernet LANs. Because of its high bandwth and thus high data rates, coaxial cable was chosen for digital transmission in early Ethernet LANs.
Baseband Coaxial Cable !!
Baseband coaxial cables use digital signals. The original Ethernet solution generally used baseband coaxial cable. Baseband coaxial cable is used to realize the digital signal transmission of data. The digital signals used to transmit data on these cables are encoded using Manchester encoding or differential Manchester encoding. Digital signals require greater bandwth. Therefore, the entire spectrum of the cable is consumed. Therefore it is not possible to transmit multiple channels through FDM. Digital signals travel in both directions on the cable. Baseband coax was originally used in Ethernet systems, and it ran at 10 Mbps. The maximum length of baseband coaxial cable between two repeaters depends on the data rate. The lower the data rate, the longer the cable. The length must decrease as the data rate increases to reduce the possibility of introducing errors.
Broadband Coaxial Cable !!
This is the coaxial cable used in cable television systems. Compared to baseband cable, it has higher bandwth. This cable has some disadvantages, such as B. more expensive and harder to install and maintain than baseband coax.
Connector for Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cable is another important routing transmission medium. They have higher bandwth than twisted pair cables. A coaxial cable connector is required to connect the coaxial cable to a computer or other device. The diagram below shows the different types of BNC connectors. There are three different types of BNC connectors: 1. BNC connectors 2. BNC T-connectors 3. BNC terminators BNC connectors connect the end of a cable to a device such as a TV. BNC T-connectors are used in Ethernet networks for breakout cables to connect to computers or other devices. BNC terminators are used to terminate cable ends. This avos reflection of the signal. See you in the next article detailing the twisted pair cables used in the physical layer. stay tuned. report this ad
What is a coaxial cable used for?
Coax, short for coaxial, is a type of cable used to transmit data, the internet, video and voice communications. A coax cable is made up of an aluminum and copper shield with an outer plastic jacket (see below) with the dielectric insulator helping to minimize signal loss.
What system is coaxial cable used in?
Coaxial cable is used as a transmission line for radio frequency signals. Its applications include feedlines connecting radio transmitters and receivers to their antennas, computer network (e.g., Ethernet) connections, digital audio (S/PDIF), and distribution of cable television signals.
What are the layers of a coaxial cable?
- A central conductor, which consists of copper. …
- Dielectric plastic insulation around the copper conductor.
- A braided mesh of copper which helps to shield from electromagnetic interference (EMI).
- An external layer, which has a plastic coating.
What is coaxial cable in physics?
A coaxial cable (described in Section 29.1) is a straight conductor surrounded by a concentric, cylindrically shaped conductor. Coaxial cables are widely used as conductors for current. For example, currents produced in the pickup of a stereo turntable generally travel to the amplifier through a coaxial cable.
What are the advantages of coaxial cable?
Greater bandwidth—Compared to twisted-pair, coax provides greater bandwidth systemwide, and it also offers greater bandwidth for each channel. Because it has greater bandwidth per channel, it supports a mixed range of services. Voice, data, and even video and multimedia can benefit from the enhanced capacity.
Where is coax cable located?
A coaxial cable carries the cable signal into your home. The outside cable television box is usually attached to the outside of a house or apartment. It contains the connectors linking the cable line from the street to coaxial cables that lead into your house and ultimately to your television.
Why is it called coaxial cable?
Coaxial cable received its name because it includes one physical channel that carries the signal surrounded — after a layer of insulation — by another concentric physical channel, both running along the same axis. The outer channel serves as a ground.
What is coaxial cable in simple words?
: a transmission line that consists of a tube of electrically conducting material surrounding a central conductor held in place by insulators and that is used to transmit telegraph, telephone, television, and Internet signals. — called also coax cable.
What is the use of cables?
A cable is used for power transmission, for telecommunication signals or to carry electricity. 1. Solid – A solid wire has a single conductor and is either insulated or bare and it is usually protected by a coloured sheath. This wire offers a lower resistance and is best to use in higher frequencies.
How is coaxial cable made?
Coaxial cable is made from copper or copper-coated steel wire, which is the center core that carries the high frequency signal. This wire is surrounded by a dielectric insulator, often made of plastic, which keeps a constant distance between the center conductor and the next layer.
Why is coax used for RF?
Coax can handle signals that run at high frequencies without emanating interference wherever the coax is strung. Coaxial cable is used for transmitting RF signals up to a few gigahertz and is therefore often referred to as “RF cable.” There are RF transmitters and receivers at the end of a coax cable for signals, too.
What is coaxial cable Class 12?
Coaxial cable (typically used for cable and satellite TV) has its signal run on a copper wire surrounded by an insulator which is surrounded by the ground wire, as opposed to the typical side by side configuration.
What is coaxial cable explain with the help of a diagram?
Coaxial cable is a type of cable that has an inner conductor surrounded by an insulating layer, surrounded by a conductive shielding. Many also have an insulating outer jacket. The diagram below illustrates the construction of a typical cable. Electrical signal flows through the center conductor.
Are coaxial cables still used?
Toss: Coaxial
This is an age-old cable that is still widely used, especially for cable and Internet. Don’t expect that to last forever, though. Fiber is the biggest threat to the traditional copper cable.
See some more details on the topic What Is Coaxial Cable Used In The Physical Layer here:
What Is Coaxial Cable Used In The Physical Layer ?
The construction of the coaxial cable is as shown in the below figure. It consists of two concentric conductors namely an inner conductor and a …
Coaxial cable – Wikipedia
Coaxial cable is a type of transmission line, used to carry high-frequency electrical signals with low losses. It is used in such applications as telephone …
What is a coaxial cable? A definition from WhatIs.com
Coaxial cable is a type of copper cable specially built with a metal shield and other components engineered to block signal interference.
What Is Coaxial Cable and How Is It Used? – PPC Broadband
This post explores what is coaxial cable as well as how it is used in broadband network deployments. We also compare coaxial it with fiber optic cable.
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